Glossaries
Featured terms
Agio
The price paid for shares in a company over and above their nominal value.
Akcje zwykłe
Shares in a company which entitle the holder to a share of the dividend declared and a share in net assets on closing down the business.
Akcjonariusze
Owners of a limited liability company.
Aktywa netto
Assets minus liabilities (equals ownership interest).
A
Accounting Principles Board (APB)
The private sector group charged with developing accounting standards from 1959 to 1973; primary authoritative pronouncements were known as "opinions"
Accounting Standards Codification (ASC)
Research tool deemed to be the primary authoritative source and reference guide on accounting standards
Accounting Standards Update (ASU)
The official notification issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board of a new or modified accounting rule
Aktywa
The economic resources owned by an entity; entailing probable future benefits to the entity
Aktywa finansowe dostępne do sprzedaży
Investments in debt that are neither "held-to-maturity" or "trading;" a default category that is accounted for at fair value with changes in value ...
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
(AICPA) an organization whose members are CPAs interested in advancing the accounting profession
Amortyzacja
Process similar to depreciation, usually applied to intangible fixed assets.
Amortyzacja
The process used to allocate the cost of an intangible asset to the accounting periods benefited
Analiza wiekowania należności
Analysis used to estimate the uncollectible accounts; involves stratification of receivables based upon age
API (Application Programming Interface)
A set of protocols that allows different software applications to communicate with each other
Audyt
An official inspection of a company's accounts.
Audyt
The examination of transactions and systems that underlie an organization's financial statements with the goal or reporting thereon
Audytorzy
Professional accountants who check the books of account, ask for explanations from the directors and examine the report and accounts, verifying that they give 'a true and fair view' of the transactions.
Cykl rachunkowości
The procedures needed to process transactions through an accounting system; including journalization, posting, adjusting, and preparing financial s...
Czynnik kosztowy działań
Event that causes consumption of an activity
Działanie
An event that gives rise to the consumption of resources
Konta
Financial statements prepared at the end of a period to reflect the profit of loss or the period and financial position at the end of the period.
Konto
A record that is kept for each asset, liability, equity, revenue, expense, and dividend component of an entity
Księgowa stopa zwrotu
A project evaluation tool that focuses on accounting income rather than cash flows; average annual increase in income by the amount of initial inve...
Metoda rezerw na nieściągalne należności
A method that estimates uncollectibles as a portion of total receivables and establishes an offsetting contra allowance account
Metoda zamortyzowanego kosztu
The approach mandated for held-to-maturity securities; investments are reported at their cost with any premium or discount amortized over the life ...
Metody przyspieszonej amortyzacji
Several alternative depreciation approaches that result in relatively more depreciation in early years of use, and smaller amounts during later years
Należności
Amounts due from customers, also described as a trade debtors.
Naliczone koszty
Unpaid expenses that have already been incurred
Naliczone przychody
Revenues that have been earned and recorded, but are not as yet collected
Okres obrachunkowy
The time frame used for financial reporting, normally months, quarters or years.
Osiągalne standardy
A standard that takes into account normal spoilage and inefficiency; intended to allow workers to reach the established benchmarks
Podejście all-inclusive
A concept of income by which virtually all nonequity-based transactions and events are captured and reported in the income statement; the preferred...
Proces korygujący
To analyze account balances and update them at the end of an accounting period to reflect the correct measure of revenues and expenses
Pula kosztów działań
The costs assigned to a particular activity
Rachunek kosztów działań
Alternative costing method for strategic management; divides production into activities, defines costs for activities, and allocates costs to objec...
Rachunek kosztów działań
(ABC) A costing system for situations where overhead is high and/or a variety of products are produced; costs are traced to activities and then act...
Rachunek kosztów pełnych
Also known as full costing -- a costing method where inventory absorbs direct costs and variable and fixed factory overhead
Rachunkowość
A set of concepts and techniques that are used to measure and report financial information about an economic unit
Renta
Level streams of payments; with each payment being the same, and occurring at a regular interval
Renta płatna z góry
Also known as an annuity in advance; involves a level stream of payments, with the payments being made at the beginning of each time period
Renty
Streams of level (i.e., the same amount each period) payments occurring on regular intervals
Roczna stopa ekwiwalentna (AER)
An interest rate reflecting what you'll actually pay, or earn, on your money after the effects of compounding are taken into account in order to normalize the interest rate.
Roczne sprawozdanie finansowe
Also known as financial, company or statutory accounts. Businesses must produce an annual set of accounts detailing business finances.
Rozliczenie międzyokresowe
Expenses and revenues that gradually accumulate throughout an accounting period
Równanie bilansowe
A financial relationship at the heart of the accounting model: Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity
Rzeczywista roczna stopa oprocentowania (RRSO)
The rate of interest you agree to pay on money borrowed, and a useful way to compare how much interest you would pay on loans from different providers. The higher the APR, the more you will pay.
Skorygowane saldo próbne
A trial balance prepared after adjusting entries have been prepared and posted to the ledger
Sprawozdanie roczne
Most organisations are required to produce an annual report on their activities and enclose the accounts of the company's performance over the past year.
Statut
Document setting out the relative rights of shareholders in a limited liability company.
Sztuczna inteligencja (AI)
Computer systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence
Walne zgromadzenie
A meeting of the members (shareholders) of a company at which the board of directors lay the company's accounts and report for shareholders' approval. Other business is also conducted such as election of directors, auditors remuneration, etc.
Zasada memoriałowa
The effects of transactions and other events are recognised when they occur (and not as cash or its equivalent is received or paid) and they are recorded in the accounting records and reported in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate (see also matching).
Zasada memoriałowa
The accounting process whereby revenues are measured and recorded as earned, while expenses are recorded as incurred
Zmiany w rachunkowości
Changes from one acceptable method of accounting to another acceptable method; like straight-line depreciation to a declining balance approach
Zobowiązania
Amounts due for payment to suppliers of goods or services, also described as trade creditors.
B
Benchmarking
Measuring products or processes against industry standards, an essential part of total quality management
Big Data
Electronically warehoused information, capable of being mined and analyzed, containing the “who, what, when, where, and why” of all business activity
Bilans
A financial statement that presents a firm's assets, liabilities, and owners' equity at a particular point in time
Bootstrapping
Building a company without external investment, often relying on personal savings and running with the lowest possible operating costs
Budżet
A planning tool that outlines the financial plans for an organization; there are various types of budżets -- operating, capital, and financial
Budżet partycypacyjny oddolny
A budget approach driven by the direct participation of lower-level employees
Business to Business (B2B)
(B2B) A system that enables data interchange between companies; sometimes sufficiently robust to permit automatic inventory replenishment, etc.
Dopłata pieniężna
Term used to describe additional monetary consideration that may accompany an exchange transaction
Działanie na poziomie partii
Activities that relate to each batch of production; independent of the number of units within that batch
Komitet budżetowy
A group of senior managers from each business unit charged with leading the budget preparation and review process
Luz budżetowy
The influence of behavior to "pad" a budget via misstating expected revenues and/or expenses; to create more favorable budget vs. actual performanc...
Nieściągalna wierzytelność
The amount owed by a customer who cannot, or will not, pay for goods or services they have had.
Obligacja
A form of IOU issued by the company, or a government or other institution, offering to pay interest in return for borrowing your money, or to pay you little or no interest but instead issue the obligacjas at a discount but pay you back in full sometime in the future, or to pay you back at some time in the future in a way that is financially interesting to you now.
Podstawowy zysk na akcję
The simplest earnings per share number; earnings available to common shares divided by weighted average shares, without factoring in potential dilu...
Próg rentowności
The level of activity where revenues equal total expenses, producing a zero net income; also the point where the contribution margin is said to cov...
Rada dyrektorów
A group of people to whom the shareholders have delegated the task of running the day-to-day affairs of the company. They normally define the direction of the company and thus should have a dramatic influence on its performance. They are supposed to act in the best interest of the shareholders.
Stopa bankowa
In the UK it is set by the Bank of England, to control the money supply and inflation. Banks usually lend at anything from 2 per cent above stopa bankowa and upward, and pay 2 to 3 per cent below stopa bankowa on any deposits you have at the bank.
Stopa bazowa
Set by the Bank of England, this is the country's base rate of interest and influences the rate of interest on financial products and services.
Ulepszenie
Expenditures that improve or increase the service potential of an asset even beyond its original new condition; such costs may be capitalized by in...
Uzgodnienie salda bankowego
A control procedure to establish and verify the correct cash balance via identification of errors, irregularities, and adjustments
Wartość księgowa
Cost minus accumulated depreciation; the net amount at which an asset is reported on the balance sheet
Wartość księgowa na akcję
Common stockholders' equity divided by common shares outstanding, to indicate stockholders' equity per share
Wyciąg bankowy
The document received from a bank which summarizes deposits and other credits, and checks and other debits to a bank account
Zobowiązania z tytułu obligacji
An obligation divided into transferable units requiring the issuer to make periodic interest payments and an eventual repayment of the face amount
Zrównoważona karta wyników
A set of performance measures that are congruent with assessing improvement in financial, customer, and business process outcomes
C
Akcja preferowana kumulatywna
Preferred stock that is entitled to a periodic dividend, and those dividends must be paid (eventually) before any monies can be distributed to comm...
Akcja preferowana na żądanie
Preferred stock that can be repurchased by issuer for a preset price
Akcja preferowana zamienna
Preferred stock that can be exchanged for common stock at some preagreed ratio
Akcje zwykłe
The residual equity interest in a corporation; last in liquidation but usually receiving the full benefits of any corporate growth
Aktywa obrotowe
An asset that is expected to be converted into cash within the trading cycle. Contrasting a Fixed asset that is held to use within the business long term.
Aktywa obrotowe
Assets that will be converted into cash or consumed within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer
Analiza koszty-wielkość-zysk
(CVP) Analysis focusing on the interplay of pricing, volume, variable and fixed costs, and product mix
Bieżące podejście operacyjne
A concept of income where income is limited to transactions related to central ongoing operations; not an acceptable approach for income theory
Budżet gotówkowy
An essential budget component detailing planned cash receipts, disbursements, and financing actions
Budżet kroczący
A budget that is constantly updated; as one month/quarter is completed another is added to the set the projections
Całkowity dochód
Net income plus items of other całkowity dochód (e.g., market value adjustments of available for sale securities)
Centrum kosztów
An area of responsibility under the control of a manager who is responsible for costs incurred within the unit; the unit generally has little reven...
Certified Financial Manager (CFM)
(CFM) a professional designation of competency in the field of financial management that is issued by the Institute of Management Accountants
Certified Management Accountant (CMA)
(CMA) a professional designation of competency in the field of management accounting that is issued by the Institute of Management Accountants
Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
An individual who is licensed by a state to practice public accounting
Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA)
(CGMA) sponsors a designation that distinguishes professionals who have advanced proficiency in finance, operations, strategy and management
CPA
An individual who is licensed by a state to practice public accounting
Czynnik kosztowy
The factor that is viewed as causing costs to be incurred within an organization
Decyzja o wydatkach kapitałowych
Also known as capital budgeting; planning and decision making related to longer term projects and expenditures
Działanie na poziomie klienta
Activities that relate to each customer; independent of the volume of goods and services provided to the specific customer
Ekwiwalenty środków pieniężnych
Short-term interest-earning financial instruments that are deemed to be highly secure and will convert back into cash within 90 days
Inflacja kosztowa
Cost-push inflation occurs when production input costs, such as wages and raw materials, rise and producers pass the increased costs on to consumers through price rises.
Kapitał
Anything invested into a company that has a tangible value or benefit to its own, such as a machinery, patents, or financial assets like cash.
Kapitał akcyjny
A non-specific reference to the ownership interests of shareholders in a corporation
Kapitał zaangażowany
Sometimes called total assets less current liabilities or total shareholders' funds plus long-term finance (the two calculations provide the same result). It is a measure of how much value is placed in the hands of the management of the company, hence ROCE (return on capital employed) is a key reaction in the control of performance.
Komis
To place inventory in the custody of another party without requiring them to purchase it, as a sales agent
Konsolidacja
To prepare financial reports for a parent and subsidiary company as a single economic unit
Konto kontr-aktywów
An account that is subtracted from a related account -- contra accounts have opposite debit/credit rules
Konto kontrolne
The total of all subcomponent account records for an account; e.g., the sum of all individual accounts receivable
Kontroler
The primary person responsible for the cost and managerial accounting functions
Korporacja
A form of business organization where ownership is represented by divisible units called shares of stock
Koszt sprzedaży
See 'cost of goods sold'.
Koszt własny sprzedaży
The total cost attributed to units of inventory actually sold during a period
Koszt wytworzenia produktów
The amount of cost attributable to goods reaching the end of production; beginning work in process (wip) + (direct materials, direct labor, manufac...
Koszty produkcji
Similar to cost of goods sold and used mostly in academic accounts.
Koszty przetworzenia
Cost components needed to change raw materials to finished goods, specifically direct labor and manufacturing overhead
Kredyt
The nature of an action to an account to indicate an increase (liabilities, equity, and revenue) or decrease (assets, expenses, and dividends); usu...
Kredyt (warunki handlowe)
The supplier agrees to allow the customer to make payment some time after the delivery of the goods or services. Typical trader credit periods range from 30 to 60 days but each agreement is different.
Marża pokrycia
Revenues minus all variable expenses, whether related to production or selling and administration (not to be confused with gross profit)
Metoda kasowa
An accounting approach where revenue is recorded when cash is received (no matter when "earned"), and expenses are recognized when paid (no matter ...
Nota kredytowa
A document summarising the reduction in charge on an invoice (bill), usually because the customer has returned defective goods or has received inadequate service.
Nota uznaniowa
A seller-prepared document evidencing an approved return of merchandise for credit against an account
Obciążenie aktywów
Used when all or some of the assets of an organisation have been used as collateral to secure a transaction of some kind (usually the borrowing of large sums of money). The charge operates in a similar way to that used by mortgage companies as they retain an interest in your house and must be repaid first out of any sale monies you make.
Obiekt kosztowy
The output for which costing information is to be determined under ABC; can be product or service related, or customer, market, etc.
Obligacja kuponowa
A bond that has detachable coupons that are exchanged for interest payments; historically popular but falling into disuse
Obligacja na żądanie
A bond that provides the issuer an option to reacquire the bonds before scheduled maturity at a preset price
Obligacja zamienna
A bond that may be converted by the holder into stock of the issuing company
Odsetki składane
Interest calculations that provide for periodic inclusion of accumulated interest into the base on which interest is calculated; "interest on the i..."
Plan kont
A listing of the accounts of an entity, along with any identification coding
Płatne nieobecności
Term to describe paid time off; vacations, sick leave, etc.
Podatek dochodowy od osób prawnych
Paid by UK companies on their profits.
Porównywalność
An enhancing quality of accounting such that even though different companies may use different accounting methods, there is still sufficient basis ...
Proces zamknięcia
The process by which temporary accounts are "zeroed" out and the effects transferred to retained earnings
Prognozy przepływów pieniężnych
Statements of cash expected to flow into and out of a business over a particular period.
Przepływ środków pieniężnych
The movement of money into and out of a business over a specific period
Rabat gotówkowy
A reduction in invoice price offered to customers to encourage prompt payment of invoices
Rachunek kosztów
The process by which an organization's cost is collected, assigned, and interpreted
Rachunek zysków i strat wg marży
An internal report that identifies each segment's controllable elements; the contribution margin, controllable fixed costs, uncontrollable fixed co...
Raport kosztów produkcji
A report used in a process costing environment to tabulate the costs incurred within a particular stage/department
Saldo kompensacyjne
An amount that must be left on deposit and cannot be withdrawn
Scentralizowane podejmowanie decyzji
A business style where top leaders make and direct most important decisions
Spójność
An enhancing quality of accounting such that deviations in outcomes from period to period should be the result of deviations in underlying performa...
Sprzedaż kredytowa
A business entity sells goods or services and allows the customer to make payment at a later date.
Środki pieniężne
Items acceptable to a bank for deposit and free from restrictions for satisfying current debts; includes coins, currency, bank deposits, etc.
Treść gospodarcza
The quality of an exchange transaction such that it changes the future cash flow potential of the entity
Ustawa o spółkach
Legislation to control the activities and administration of limited liability companies.
Wezwany do zapłaty (kapitał akcyjny)
The company has called upon the shareholders who first bought the shares, to pay for their shares.
Wierzyciel
A person or firm that has lent your business money or to whom you owe money.
Wierzyciele
Suppliers to whom we owe money.
Wskaźnik płynności bieżącej
A measure of liquidity, calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities
Wspólne koszty stałe
Fixed costs that are incurred to support more than one business unit
Wydatek kapitałowy
Spending on non-current (fixed) assets of a business.
Wydatki kapitałowe
Ordinary and necessary costs incurred to place an item of property, plant, or equipment in its condition for intended use; such amounts are include...
Wydatki kapitałowe (CAPEX)
Funds used by the company to buy, maintain or improve its fixed assets such as buildings, vehicles, equipment, or land.
Wykorzystanie mocy produkcyjnych
The degree to which an organization's output capabilities are being deployed or utilized
Zabezpieczenie
Security, usually for a loan. It is effected by enabling the giver of the loan the right to seize the asset that is being used as zabezpieczenie and sell it if the terms of their loan are not met.
Założenie przepływu kosztów
An assumption about how costs are assigned to inventory in the accounting records
Zasada ostrożności
A general principle of accounting measurement; when in doubt, understate assets and income and overstate liabilities
Złożona struktura kapitału
Companies with options, warrants, or convertible bonds and stocks that may result in the issuance of additional shares
Zmiana szacunków księgowych
A revision of assumptions used in a related accounting calculation (e.g., change in estimated useful life of an asset); handled prospectively by re...
Zobowiązane koszty stałe
Costs that arise from an organization's commitment to engage in operations; unavoidable elements like depreciation, rent, insurance, property taxes
Zobowiązania
Promises to engage in some future action; not necessarily creating a recordable accounting liability but potentially necessitating enhanced disclosure
Zobowiązania krótkoterminowe
Obligations that will be liquidated within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer
Zobowiązania warunkowe
Events that may or may not give rise to an actual liability because the outcome is uncertain; examples include lawsuits, environmental damage issue...
Zobowiązanie krótkoterminowe
A liability which is expected to be settled in the entity's normal operating cycle, generally within 12 months after the balance sheet date.
D
Amortyzacja
The process used to allocate the cost of a long-lived property to the accounting periods benefited
Baza danych
An information storehouse, usually electronic, that can be queried to extract data meeting certain parameters. Enables singular data entry and mult...
Budżet robocizny bezpośredniej
A budget that details expected direct labor needs, along with the related costs of labor
Budżet zakupu materiałów bezpośrednich
A budget that details expected direct material purchases, along with the related cash payments
Dashboard
Customized business software that delivers key real time business data in an easily monitored layout
Debet
Entries in the debit column of a ledger account representing increases in assets or expenses, or decreases in liabilities or income.
Debet
The nature of an action to an account to indicate an increase (assets, expenses, and dividends) or decrease (liabilities, equity, and revenue); usu...
Dłużnicy
The amount outstanding on customers' accounts.
Dłużnik
A person or firm that owes money to your business.
Dyrektor
A member of the board of dyrektors who bears the responsibility of managing the company on behalf of the shareholders.
Dyrektor(zy)
Person(s) appointed by shareholders of a limited liability company to manage the affairs of the company.
Dyskonto od obligacji
The difference between face value and issue price of a bond, where the issue price is less; causes the effective yield to be higher than that stated
Dywidenda
Money paid by a company from its profits to its shareholders.
Dywidendy
Amounts paid from profits of a corporation to shareholders as a return on their investment in the stock of the entity
Działalność zaniechana
The special income statement reporting of the impact of disposing or abandoning of a component of a business
Inflacja popytowa
Occurs when demand is high, and suppliers increase prices until demand reduces.
Instrumenty pochodne
Investments accounted for a fair value that generally derive their value from some other item; examples include commodity futures, options, and so ...
Karta debetowa
Transactions are equivalent to an electronically generated check that results in an almost immediate withdrawal of funds.
Koszty bezpośrednie
A cost easily traced to a specific job; generally direct material and direct labor
Materiały bezpośrednie
The costs of all materials that are an integral part of a finished product and that have a physical presence that is readily traced to that finishe...
Metoda bezpośrednia
The preferred method for preparing the statement of cash flows; operating cash flows are presented according to their direct source (e.g., cash rec...
Metoda bezpośrednia/Alokacja kosztów usług
An allocation process whereby service department costs are assigned directly to productive departments (compare to step method)
Metoda bezpośredniego odpisu
A simple, non-GAAP, method that expenses uncollectible accounts only as they are determined to be uncollectible and are written off
Metoda degresywnej amortyzacji
An accelerated depreciation method by which a constant rate (that is a multiple of the straight-line rate) is multiplied by each period's beginning...
Nieuznanie weksla
To fail to pay a note at maturity
Nota debetowa
A purchaser-prepared document evidencing a return of merchandise to a seller
Obligacja niezabezpieczona
A bond that lacks specific collateral; payment is only assured by the general faith and creditworthiness of the issuer
Odchylenie stawki robocizny bezpośredniej
A variance that reveals the difference between the standard rate and actual rate for the actual labor hours worked [(standard rate - actual rate) X...
Odchylenie wydajności robocizny bezpośredniej
A variance comparing standard hours of direct labor to the actual hours worked; measured at the standard rate per hour [(standard hours - actual ho...
Papiery wartościowe rozwadniające
Options, warrants, convertible bonds, convertible stocks, and other items that have the potential to increase the number of shares outstanding
Podatek odroczony
Income & expenditure may be recognised at different time for accounting and tax purposes. Deferred tax is a way to balance this timing difference in the accounts.
Podstawa amortyzacji
Cost minus salvage value; the amount of cost that will be allocated to the service life
Podwójnie degresywna amortyzacja
An accelerated depreciation method by which a constant rate (that is 200% of the straight-line rate) is multiplied by each period's beginning (cons...
Program określonych składek
A type of pension plan where the benefits are based on amounts in trust for the benefit of the employee; employer contributions are usually a fixed...
Program określonych świadczeń
A type of pension plan where the benefits are a function of years of service, pay, and age; the ultimate employer cost is not known in advance
Przychody przyszłych okresów
Income invoiced, or paid for, in advance of providing the service resulting in the income being deferred to a later accounting period, to when the service is provided.
Robocizna bezpośrednia
Gross wages paid to those who physically and directly work on the goods being produced
Rozwodniony zysk na akcję
An earnings per share number; adjusted to reflect the potential effect of dilutive securities
Stopa dywidendy
Dividend per share divided by stock price; also called dividend yield
Uznaniowe koszty stałe
Fixed cost resulting from yearly spending decisions; proper planning can result in avoidance of these costs as necessary (e.g., advertising and tra...
Wpłaty w drodze
Receipts entered on company records but not yet posted by the bank
Wskaźnik wypłaty dywidendy
Dividend per share divided by earnings per share
Wyczerpanie zasobów naturalnych
The process used to allocate the cost of a natural resource asset to the accounting periods benefited
Wypłaty wspólnika
Cash taken for personal use, in sole trader or partnership businesses, treated as a reduction of ownership interest.
Zaległe dywidendy
An omitted dividend on cumulative preferred stock that must eventually be paid before any monies can be distributed to common stockholders
Zdecentralizowane podejmowanie decyzji
A business style where top leaders concentrates on strategy, and leaves day-to-day operation and decision-making tasks to lower-level personnel
E
Amortyzacja metodą efektywnej stopy procentowej
A theoretically preferable method for amortizing premiums and discounts on bonds; interest expense is a constant percentage of the bonds ever-chang...
Działalność podtrzymująca jednostkę
Activities that relate to an entity's ability to operate; independent of business volume
EBIT
An analyst's calculation to reflect "earnings before interest and taxes"
EBITDA
An analyst's calculation to reflect "earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization"
Ex-dividenda
The event (date) when a transfer of stock ownership between shareholders will occur without the right for the purchaser to receive any previously d...
Jednostka, jednostki
Something that exists independently, such as a business which exists independently of the owner.
Jednostki równoważne
A measure of physical units expressed in terms of finished units
Kapitał własny
Used by analysts to determine the financial health of a company. It also represents what would be left if all of a businesses' assets were liquidated and the debt paid off.
Korzyści skali
Efficiencies associated with increases in volume
Koszt
Generally the running costs of a business.
Koszty
The costs incurred in producing revenues
Metoda praw własności
Method to account for stock investment when significant influence is present; changes in equity of the investee are recognized by the investor on a...
Obciążenie
A budgetary restriction occurring in advance of a related expenditure
Pakiety planowania zasobów przedsiębiorstwa
(ERP) Comprehensive database software that tracks an almost endless array of business and accounting data
Pracownik
A person who works for a specific business and whose activities are directed by that business
System ERP
A comprehensive software platform that integrates core business processes across an organization
Transakcja wymiany
Trading one asset for another; to be booked at fair value if the transaction has commercial substance
Założenie jednostki gospodarczej
Accounting information should be presented for circumscribed distinct economic units
Zysk
A phrase that is often interchangeable with profits.
Zysk na akcję
A measure of how much profit a company is making for its shareholders.
Zysk na akcję
EPS; generally understood as the amount of income for each share of stock, but is actually better refined as basic and diluted EPS (see those defin...
Zyski
A concept that relates to income from continuing operations plus/minus discontinued operations
F
Budżet elastyczny
A budget that covers a range of potential outcomes by relating expense levels to the potential revenues
Budżet kosztów pośrednich produkcji
A budget that details the anticipated factory overhead, including calculations related to the allocation of such amounts
Działalność finansowa
A cash flow category; including receipts from stock issues, bonds, notes and loans, -- and payments for loan repayment, acquisitions of treasury st...
F.O.B. miejsce przeznaczenia
Free on Board destination; meaning the transfer of ownership of inventory will occur when the goods reach their destination and the seller will inc...
F.O.B. miejsce wysyłki
Free on Board shipping point; meaning the transfer of ownership of inventory will occur when the goods are shipped and the purchaser will incur the...
FICA
Federal Insurance Contributions Act (also known as social security and Medicare); establishes a tax that employers must withhold and match for gove...
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
An organization charged with producing standards for financial reporting in the USA
Form 1099
A form required to be issued to an independent contractor reporting amounts paid; to assist with tax compliance issues (this form used to report ot...
FUTA
Federal Unemployment Tax levied on employer to provide funds for unemployed workers; rate is dependent on existence of SUTA and employer history of...
Koszt stały
A total cost that is the same regardless of volume; total cost is constant and per unit cost decreases with volume increases
Koszty stałe
Costs that vary over time rather than in proportion to throughput, e.g. Rent of premises, salaries etc.
Leasing finansowy
A lease that effectively transfers the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee
Metoda FIFO
FIFO; An inventory cost flow assumption based on the notion that the earliest costs are to be assigned to units sold
Odchylenie wolumenu stałych kosztów pośrednich
A fixed overhead variance that compares the budgeted fixed overhead to the fixed overhead that is applied to production based on standard fixed ove...
Odchylenie wydatków stałych kosztów pośrednich
A fixed overhead variance that compares actual fixed overhead to the budgeted fixed overhead
Prognoza
Prognoza estimate of future performance and position based on stated assumptions and usually including a quantified amount.
Rachunkowość finansowa
An area of accounting that deals with external reporting to parties outside the firm; usually based on standardized rules and procedures
Rachunkowość wartości godziwej
Sometimes called "mark-to-market;" to record an investment at its fair value and recognize changes in value as they occur
Rok obrotowy
A one-year accounting period that does not correspond to a calendar year
Sprawozdanie finansowe
Core financial reports that are prepared to represent the financial position and results of operations of a company
Środek trwały
An asset that is held by an enterprise for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes on a continuing basis in the reporting entity's activities. Examples are equipment, vehicles, land and buildings.
Środki trwałe
Assets that you intend to keep for longer than twelve months.
Wartość przyszła
Or "compound interest;" amount that a current payment (or stream of payments) will grow in time; includes interest on previous interest based on fr...
Wierne przedstawienie
A fundamental quality of accounting such that information must be truthful; complete, neutral, and free from error
Wyroby gotowe
Finished goods represent the cost of completed products awaiting sale to a customer
Zarządzanie finansami
Planning, analysing, monitoring, organising, reviewing, and controlling a company's finances.
Zasada pełnego ujawnienia
All relevant facts that would influence investors' and creditors' judgments about the company are disclosed in the financial statements or related ...
G
Brutto
The total amount of money a company has earned in a period of time before deductions such as taxes.
Dźwignia finansowa
The proportion of borrowings to total financing (i.e. shareholders' funds plus total borrowing).
GAAP
Generally accepted accounting principles -- encompass the rules, practices, and procedures that define the proper execution of accounting
Księga główna
A record of the accounts comprising financial statements, and their respective balances
Metoda brutto
A method of recording purchases of inventory at invoice price
Metoda zysku brutto
A technique that purports to estimate inventory and cost of goods sold by applying historic percentage relationships to observable sales information
Towary dostępne do sprzedaży
A calculated amount corresponding to the beginning inventory plus net purchases; represents the total pool of inventory available during a period f...
Towary w drodze
Goods in the process of being transported to the buyer; ownership is based on freight terms
Wartość firmy
The excess of the purchase price of an acquired company over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired
Wynagrodzenie brutto
Also known as gross earnings; this it is the total amount earned by an employee before any deductions
Założenie kontynuacji działalności
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, accountants assume that a business will continue to operate well into the future
Zasada kontynuacji działalności
Financial statements are prepared on this basis assuming that the business will continue operating into the foreseeable future.
Zysk brutto
A calculated amount corresponding to net sales minus cost of goods sold
Zysk brutto (lub marża)
Sales minus cost of sales before deducting administration and selling expenses (see also gross margin).
H
Inwestycje utrzymywane do terminu wymagalności
Investments purchased with intent to hold to maturity; usually investment in debt; accounted for by amortized cost method
Metoda punktów ekstremalnych
A simple means for separating costs into fixed and variable components, based upon the difference between costs at the highest and lowest observed ...
Zasada kosztu historycznego
The concept that many transactions and events are to be measured and reported at acquisition cost
I
Alokacja podatku wewnątrzokresowa
Separately reported items like discontinued operations, prior period adjustments, and other comprehensive income, are to reported net of their spec...
Audytor wewnętrzny
A person within an organization who reviews and monitors the controls, procedures, and information of the organization
Budżetowanie przyrostowe
A budgeting approach where the prior year experience sets a base line for a new budget; changes are made based on new information but the base need...
Cena emisyjna
The amount a company receives in exchange for the initial issue of debt or other financial instrument
Cena fakturowa
List price less any trade discounts
Centrum inwestycyjne
A evaluative unit where managers are accountable for cost and profit outcomes, including consideration of the amount of capital that is deployed to...
Działalność inwestycyjna
A cash flow category; including receipts from disposal of investments and long-term assets -- and payments to acquire long-term assets and investments
Faktoring
When a business sells its invoices to a third party, which will then add their own fee to the charges and seek the money from the debtor.
Faktura
A document from supplier to buyer summarising goods or services supplied and the price payable.
Inflacja
A percentage figure that represents how much prices of goods and services increased over a specific period.
Institute of Management Accountants (IMA)
(IMA) a professional association for management accountants that sponsors the CMA and CFM designations
Integracja
Connecting different software systems to work together seamlessly
International Accounting Standards Board
An organization charged with producing accounting standards with global acceptance
Jednostka, w którą się inwestuje
The company in which another has an investment
Koszty podlegające inwentaryzacji
Product costs that attach to inventory
Koszty pośrednie
A cost not easily traced to a specific job; generally categorized as factory or manufacturing overhead
Metoda pośrednia
An alternative method for preparing the statement of cash flows; operating cash flows are presented as a reconciliation of income to cash from oper...
Międzynarodowe Standardy Sprawozdawczości Finansowej (MSSF)
The specific accounting rules developed by the International Accounting Standards Board
Niewypłacalność
When a company becomes unable to pay off its creditors, or its liabilities exceed its assets.
Niezależny wykonawca
One who performs a designated task or service for a company, and the company has the right to control or direct only the result of the work done
Normy idealne
A standard that could only be achieved under perfect operating conditions; such standards are rarely expected to be achieved
Odsetki
The charge imposed on the borrower of funds for the use of money
Pierwsza oferta publiczna
The first time stock in a corporation is offered to the investing public; registration and other requirements must be met; proceeds may flow to the...
Podatek dochodowy
Taxes that are based on the amount income; for employees such amounts must be withheld by employers and remitted to the government
Rachunek wyników
A non-financial statement account used only to facilitate the closing process by summarizing and zeroing-out the revenue and expense accounts
Rachunek zysków i strat
A financial statement that summarizes the revenues, expenses, and results of operations for a specified period of time
Utrata wartości
When the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable from its future cash flow
Wartości niematerialne i prawne
An asset, such as a right, that cannot be touched (e.g. a trademark or Goodwill).
Wartość niematerialna
Long-term asset that lacks physical existence; contract rights, copyrights, patents, trademarks, etc.
Wewnętrzna stopa zwrotu
Also known as time-adjusted rate of return or IRR; discount rate causing present value of cash inflows to equal present value of the cash outflows
Zapasy
Goods held for resale to others
J
Dziennik
A chronological listing of the transactions and events of an organization, in debit/credit format
Karta kosztów zlecenia
A document representing a compilation of cost data for a specific job
Księgowanie do dziennika
The process of recording transactions and events into the journal
Metoda kalkulacji zleceń
A costing approach whereby actual labor and material is tracked for each job or product
Obligacja śmieciowa
A bond that is issued by a company of low credit worthiness, and entails substantial risk of nonpayment; generally offers a high interest rate to c...
System Just in Time
Raw materials are received from supplies just as they are needed in the production process
K
Kaizen
Japanese term used to describe a blitz like approach to study processes and install efficiency within an organization
Kanban
Japanese term which means some form of signal that a particular inventory is ready for replenishment
Kluczowy wskaźnik efektywności (KPI)
Measurable values that show how effectively a company achieves objectives
L
Aktywa płynne
An asset that can be easily converted into cash.
Cena katalogowa
An established price determined by reference to a catalog or general price list; before any discounts
Inwestycje długoterminowe
Investments made for long-term holding purposes; including land for speculation, securities of other companies, etc.
Kapitał prawny
Usually the par value of the stock of a corporation
Leasing
Acquiring the use of an asset through a rental agreement.
Leasing/Leasingobiorca i Leasingodawca
Periodic payment from the user (lessee) of an asset to an owner (lessor) of the asset
Leasingobiorca
Periodic payment from the user (leasingobiorca) of an asset to an owner (lessor) of the asset
Leasingodawca
Periodic payment from the user (lessee) of an asset to an owner (leasingodawca) of the asset
Metoda LIFO
LIFO; An inventory cost flow assumption based on the notion that the most recent costs are to be assigned to units sold
Niższa z ceny nabycia lub wartości netto możliwej do uzyskania
To report inventory at the lower of its cost or net realizable value
Ograniczona odpowiedzialność
Most commonly used to describe the limit of liability of a shareholder (member) to contribute to the assets of a company if it goes into liquidation.
Płynność
The ability of a firm to meet its near-term obligations as they come due
Produkcja odchudzona
Indicative of an environment where waste has been trimmed; entails a focus on standardization, speed, and quality, without compromising responsiven...
Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością (sp. z o.o.)
Company where the liability of the owners is limited to the amount of capital they have agreed to contribute.
Ulepszenia gruntów
Includes the cost of parking lots, sidewalks, landscaping, irrigation systems, and similar expenditures that are incurred to better land
Zakup ryczałtowy
A single price paid for a package of assets; the purchase price must be allocated to each of the components
Zobowiązania
Amounts owed by an entity to others
Zobowiązania długoterminowe
Any obligation that is not current, and include bank loans, mortgage notes, and the like
M
Aktywność na poziomie rynku
Activities that relate to the number of markets in which an entity operates; independent of the number of products, customers, etc.
Budżet główny
Also known as the comprehensive budget; an integrated set of articulated budgets relating to numerous operational subcomponents (labor, material, o...
Data zapadalności
The date on which a note and related interest are due to be paid
Istotność
A matter of accounting judgment; when amounts involved are slight, expediency may dictate waiving the technically correct alternative in lieu of a ...
Kapitalizacja rynkowa
The stock-market value of a company. It is calculated by multiplying the total number of issued ordinary shares by today's price per share as quoted on the stock market.
Koszty mieszane
A cost that has both fixed and variable components
Koszty pośrednie produkcji
All costs of manufacturing other than direct materials and direct labor (also called factory overhead)
Machine to Machine
(M2M) enables connected devices to communicate with each other
Marża
The amount of money a company makes, expressed as a percentage. For example, a gross profit of £1m on sales of £10m is a 10% profit marża.
Memorandum
Document setting out main objects of the company and its powers to act.
Metoda najmniejszych kwadratów
A complex means for separating costs into fixed and variable components, based upon minimizing the variances between all observations and the resul...
Metoda średniej ruchomej
Under the perpetual inventory system; to recompute running average cost with each purchase transaction
Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)
A "depreciation" approach common to the tax code; generally permits more rapid "recovery" of asset cost than GAAP approaches; MACRS - pronounced "m..."
Odchylenie ceny materiałów
A variance that reveals the difference between standard price for materials purchased and amounts actually paid for those materials [(standard pric...
Odchylenie ilości materiałów
A variance comparing standard quantity to actual quantity of materials; variation is measured at the standard price per unit [(standard quantity - ...
Rachunkowość zarządcza
An area of accounting concerned with reporting results to managers and others who are internal to an organization
Wartość w terminie zapadalności
The amount due at maturity of a note; includes principal and interest
Wielostopniowy rachunek zysków i strat
A complex income statement with sections that segregate cost of goods sold calculations and other components of income and expense; enables enhance...
Wykup menedżerski (MBO)
The management of a company buy that company, or part of it, from its owners.
Wystawca
The party creating the note and agreeing to make payment
Założenie jednostki pieniężnej
Accounting measures transactions and events in units of money, in contrast to some other unit of measure (e.g., acres of land)
Zapotrzebowanie na materiały
Form showing what material has been removed from the raw materials stock and put into production
Zarządzanie przez wyjątki
A management focus of attention on areas where corrective measures appear necessary
Zasada współmierności
To associate expenses with revenues, and record them in simultaneous accounting periods
Zmodyfikowana podstawa kasowa
Like the cash basis, except that certain large expenditures for durable assets may be recorded as assets initially
N
Aktywa netto
Assets minus liabilities (equals ownership interest).
Czek bez pokrycia
Non-sufficient funds check; a customer check returned for lack of funds (a "hot check")
Konta nominalne
Accounts that will be reset to a zero balance with each new accounting period; revenue, expense, and dividend accounts (also called "temporary" acc...
Metoda netto
A method of recording purchases of inventory at invoice price less available cash discounts
Należności niehandlowe
Amounts due from transactions and events not directly related to sales of products or services
Naturalny rok obrotowy
Applicable to certain businesses that have a seasonal business pattern, and an attempt is made to establish an accounting fiscal year to match
Netto
The amount of profit left after deductions such as tax have been made.
Nominalna stopa procentowa
An interest rate that isn't adjusted for inflation.
Obligacja bezzwrotna
A bond that cannot be paid off with the proceeds of a new debt issue
Obligacja niewymienialna
A bond that cannot be paid off before scheduled maturity
Strata netto
The excess of expenses over revenues for a designated period of time
Ujemny kapitał własny
When the value of an asset is less than what you initially paid.
Wartość bieżąca netto
Or NPV, a method of evaluating capital projects that uses a predetermined interest rate to determine the present value of an investment's net cash ...
Wartość księgowa netto
Costs of non-current (fixed)( asset minus accumulated depreciation.
Wartość netto możliwa do uzyskania
(inventory) Estimated selling price in the normal course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation
Wartość netto możliwa do uzyskania (należności)
The amount of cash expected to be collected on outstanding accounts receivable; accounts receivable minus the allowance for uncollectibles
Wartość nominalna (akcji)
The amount stated on the face of a share certificate as the named value of the share when issued.
Weksle obce
A written promise from a client or customer to pay a definite amount of money on a specific future date
Weksle własne
Formal short-term borrowings usually evidenced by a specific written promise to pay
Wynagrodzenie netto
Also known as net earnings; this is the gross pay less all applicable deductions ("take home pay")
Zasoby naturalne
Oil and gas reserves, mineral deposits, thermal energy sources, and standing timber are just a few examples of such assets that a firm may own
Zysk netto
Sales minus cost of sales minus all administrative and selling costs.
Zysk netto
Income from continuing operations plus/minus discontinued operations, but before items of “other comprehensive income”
O
Akcje zwykłe
Shares in a company which entitle the holder to a share of the dividend declared and a share in net assets on closing down the business.
Cykl operacyjny
The period of time it takes to convert cash back into cash (i.e., purchase inventory, sell the inventory on account, and collect the receivable)
Czeki w obiegu
Checks entered on company records but not yet cleared by the bank
Działalność operacyjna
A cash flow category; generally related to transactions that enter into the determination of income -- items that are not investing or financing
Koszt alternatywny
The cost of a foregone alternative; may include lost revenue
Koszty operacyjne
General expense category for selling and administrative costs
Koszty pośrednie
Costs that do not change regardless of the level of production and are not typically involved with the cost of production, such as rent.
Leasing operacyjny
A lease where the lessee makes periodic payments for periodic use of an asset, but does not assume the ultimate risks and rewards of owning the asset
Nadmierne rozliczone koszty pośrednie
Applied overhead exceeds the actual amount; usually viewed as a favorable outcome, because less has spent than anticipated for the level of achieve...
Outsourcing
Utilization of independent parties to manufacture products (sometimes known as make-or-buy) or manage data processing, tech support, payroll servic...
Pozostałe aktywa
The category of a classified balance sheet for reporting assets that are not logically attached to one of the other specific sections
Pozostałe całkowite dochody
An account for changes in value of available for sale securities; not part of net income but is included in the broader concept of total comprehens...
Stawka narzutu kosztów pośrednich
A rate used to apply manufacturing overhead to output; estimated factory overhead for a period divided by the estimated application base
Wkłady właścicieli
Resources provided to an organization by a person in exchange for a position of ownership in the organization
Wydatki operacyjne (OPEX)
On-going costs for running a business, service or system that includes day-to-day expenditure.
Zwykła renta
Also known as an annuity in arrears; involves a level stream of payments, with the payments being made at the end of each time period
Zysk/strata operacyjna
The profit or loss a company makes, which reflects how a business is performing.
P
Akcje uprzywilejowane
A class of stock that generally benefits from a stipulated periodic dividend and priority in liquidation; but, usually lacking in upside participat...
Bilans próbny po zamknięciu
Reveals the balance of accounts after the closing process, and consists of balance sheet accounts only
Budżet produkcji
A budget that details planned levels of production; takes into account sales and inventory build/decline
Centrum zysku
Business unit that has control over both costs and revenues and is therefore evaluated on the profit outcomes
Ciągły system inwentaryzacji
A "real-time" inventory system that updates inventory records with each purchase and sale
Dowód gotówki
A detailed bank reconciliation that verifies not only beginning and end balances, but also validates deposits and withdrawals during the month
Drobna gotówka
A fund established for making small payments that are impractical to pay by check; also known as imprest cash fund
Działanie na poziomie produktu
Activities that relate to the number of products produced; independent of the number of units produced
EBIT
Profit before interest and tax.
Elastyczność cenowa popytu
The degree to which demand for products or services changes due to changes in price.
Inwentaryzacja fizyczna
The process of counting inventory actually on hand
Kapitał
The basic stated amount of a note on which interest is usually calculated; generally relating to the amount borrowed
Kapitał zapasowy z emisji
The amount by which a stock's issue price exceeds its par value; also referred to as "additional paid-in capital"
Korekta okresu poprzedniego
To correct errors from prior years; prior financial statements are retroactively changed to make them correct
Koszt produktu
Costs that attach to a product; the summation of direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead
Koszty okresu
A cost not attributable to the acquisition or manufacture of inventory; expensed as incurred
Koszty podstawowe
Product costs that are direct in nature; direct materials and direct labor
Księgowanie
The process of transferring journal entry effects into the respective general ledger accounts
Metoda okresu zwrotu
Easy method for evaluating capital projects; calculated by dividing the initial investment by the annual cash inflow
Metody rachunku kosztów procesów
A product costing method particularly well suited to situations where production occurs in a continuous process; costs are pooled and assigned to a...
Odbiorca płatności
The party to whom a note is made payable
Okresowy system inwentaryzacji
An inventory system that utilizes a Purchases account and does not update inventory with each sale; inventory is updated by physical count at the e...
Oparty na zasadach
The idea that accounting standards should articulate broad-based principles rather than specific and detailed rules
Patent
An official legal document stating that a company has the sole right to make, use, or sell a particular invention.
PAYE (Pay As You Earn)
Stands for Pay As You Earn. A method of collecting income tax on behalf of the Government by taking it directly from your employees' wages.
PCAOB
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board -- a private-sector, non-profit corporation charged with overseeing the auditors of public companies
Plan emerytalny
A general term to describe some form of arrangement for continuing payments to retirees
Prawo poboru
A right that may or may not be provided to shareholders enabling them with a first right of refusal to buy any additional shares offered by a corpo...
Premia od obligacji
The difference between face value and issue price of a bond, where the issue price is more; causes the effective yield to be lower than that stated
Proforma sprawozdania finansowe
"As if" budgeted financial statements
Prospekt
The documentation describing financial and business aspects of an initial public offering
Przedpłata
An amount paid for in advance for and benefit to the business, such as insurance premiums or rent in advance. Initially recognised as an asset, then transferred to expense in the period when the benefit is enjoyed. (Also called a prepaid expense).
Rabaty zakupowe
A cash discount available on purchases of merchandise on account; encourages prompt payment
Rachunek kosztów procesów
Process costing is a method to allocate the total costs of production to homogenous units produced via a continuous process that usually involves m...
Rachunek zysków i strat
A financial statement that shows the income and outgoings of a company over a certain period of time showing the net profit or loss for that time.
Rachunkowość publiczna
Accounting activities provided by a person to the general public, typically relating to audit, tax and similar services
Rezerwa
A liability of uncertain timing or amount.
Rezerwa na wątpliwe należności
An estimate of the risk of not collecting full payment from credit customers, reported as a deduction from trade receivable (debtors) in the balance sheet.
Rozliczenia międzyokresowe czynne
Goods or services purchased in advance of their consumption
Rzeczowe aktywa trwałe
Assets with long lives that will be used in an entity's production processes; land, buildings, and equipment
Spółka osobowa
A non-corporation representing an association of two or more persons organized to carry out a business plan for a profit motive
Wartość bieżąca
Also known as discounting; determines the current worth of cash to be received in the future
Wartość nominalna
Par value is a technical provision establishing the “legal capital” of the firm and is frequently associated with common and preferred stock to sat...
Wartość nominalna obligacji
The face or contract amount of a bond; the amount to be repaid at maturity along with any interest
Wskaźnik cena/zysk
The per share market value of a stock divided by its earnings per share
Założenie okresowości
An accounting assumption that purports to divide a continuous business process into measurement intervals, such as months, quarters, and years
Zysk
Calculated as revenue (income) minus expenses.
R
Centrum odpowiedzialności
The part of an organization under the control of a manager
Czynnik zasobów
The concept that activities create the need for resources which will be consumed in the production process
Dochód rezydualny
An internal assessment technique that adjusts income for a presumed cost of capital (or other threshold rate of return); operating income - (operat...
Istotność
A fundamental quality of accounting such that information should be timely and bear on the decision-making process by possessing predictive or conf...
Konta rzeczywiste
Asset, liability, and equity accounts; balances are carried forward from the end of one period into the beginning of the next period
Korekta retrospektywna
Revision of the financial statements for prior periods to reflect the application of a current change in accounting method
Koszty istotne
Items where future costs and revenues are expected to differ for the alternative decisions under consideration
Metoda wyceny zapasów detalicznych
An inventory costing technique used by retailers that extrapolates inventory values by applying cost-to-retail percentages to known sales and purch...
Obligacja imienна
A bond for which ownership records are maintained, and interest is paid to the registered owner
Oparty na regułach
The idea that accounting standards must be very specific to provide adequate guidance and drive consistency in reporting
Ponowna wycena
Uses a variety of exchange rates to convert assets and liabilities of a foreign affiliate to the reporting currency; adjustment may impact operatin...
Przekształcenie
The financial statements of prior periods are redone to reflect the correct amounts
Przychody
Inflows and other benefits received in exchange for the providing of goods and services
Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) Micro processes embedded in inventory that emit radio frequency signals that enable a computer to automatically track inventory
Realna stopa procentowa
The rate of interest minus the current rate of inflation.
Rejestr przedsiębiorstw
An official authorised by the government to maintain a record of all annual reports and other documents issued by a company.
Rezerwy
The claim which owners have on the assets of a company because the company has created new wealth for them over the period since it began. Most common example is retained earnings.
ROI (Zwrot z inwestycji)
A measure of the profitability of an investment relative to its cost
Rozpoznawanie przychodów
The point at which revenue is recognized in the accounting records; ordinarily the point of sale
Surowce
The components that will be used in manufacturing units that are not yet started -- also known as direct materials
Wartość rezydualna
Amount expected be realized at the end of an asset's service life; "salvage value"
Wskaźnik zwrotu z aktywów
A ratio comparing income (net income plus interest) to the average total assets
Wskaźnik zwrotu z kapitału własnego
A ratio comparing income (net income minus preferred dividends) to the average total equity
Wydatki przychodowe
Not a capital expenditure; to be expensed as incurred
Wymiana
A restoration of an asset, at least partially, to its original condition; such costs may be capitalized by reducing accumulated depreciation
Zakres istotny
The level of activity for which assumptions underlying CVP are expected to hold true
Zapis odwracający
Optional accounting procedure which may prove useful in simplifying record keeping; a journal entry to "undo" an adjusting entry
Zasób
The elements consumed by activities and cost objects
Zwrot z inwestycji
ROI: A model consisting of a margin component (Operating Income/Sales) and turnover component (Sales/Average Assets); reduces to Operating Income/A...
Zwrot z inwestycji (ROI)
The earning power of an asset or activity measured as a ratio of the net income of the activity to the operational cost. ROI lets a company know whether an activity is profitable enough to continue.
Zwrot z zaangażowanego kapitału
This ratio is arguably the most vital for the control of performance in large, delegated, businesses. It is made up from the comparison of the PBIT and the capital employed in the business.
Zyski zatrzymane
The excess of a corporation's income over its dividends
S
Agio
The price paid for shares in a company over and above their nominal value.
Akcja
Transferable units of ownership in a corporation
Akcjonariusze
Owners of a limited liability company.
Amortyzacja liniowa
A simple depreciation method by which the depreciable base is spread uniformly over the service life
Budżet kosztów sprzedaży i administracji
A budget that details anticipated selling, general, and administrative costs
Budżet sprzedaży
A budget that details anticipated sales levels
Budżet statyczny
A budget that does not anticipate alternative outcomes; estimated sales and expenses are fixed and establish the relevant benchmarks
Certyfikat akcji
A document providing evidence of share ownership.
Dokument źródłowy
A document evidencing a transaction or event and potentially providing for the initiation of a journal entry
Dywidenda akcyjna
A noncash corporate activity to provide shareholders with additional shares in proportion to existing ownership; makes for more shares outstanding,...
Interesariusze
A general term devised to indicate all those who might have a legitimate interest in receiving financial information about a business because they have a 'stake' in it.
Jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza
A non-corporation business owned by a sole individual
Jednoosobowy przedsiębiorca
An individual owning and operating a business alone.
Jednostopniowy rachunek zysków i strat
A simple income statement with a section for all revenues and another for all expenses; there is no direct association between specific revenue and...
Kapitał zakładowy
Name given to the total amount of cash which the shareholders have contributed to the company.
Konto pomocnicze
A subcomponent account record providing individual balance details; e.g., the record for one customer out of a group of customers comprising all ac...
Koszt standardowy
A measure of what costs should be incurred to achieve the observed output
Koszty schodkowe
A cost function that is fixed over a range, and then increases by a measured step to a new level at the next higher increment of activity
Koszty sprzedaży i administracji
Selling, general, and administrative costs; the period costs of the business
Koszty utopione
Historical amount expended on a project or object; not relevant to current decisions or future actions
Metoda krokowa alokacji kosztów
An allocation process whereby some service department costs may be assigned to other service departments as part of a sequential methodology
Metoda liniowa
A method for amortizing premiums and discounts on bonds; the premium or discount is spread uniformly over the life of the bond as an adjustment of ...
Metoda szczególnej identyfikacji
Inventory costing method where the actual cost of each unit of merchandise is tracked and used for accounting purposes
MŚP
Small or Medium Sized Enterprises. A business is deemed an SME if it meets two of three criteria: it has a turnover of £25m or less, it employs fewer than 250 people, and it has gross assets of less than £12.5m.
Obligacja seryjna
A bond issue that has multiple repayment dates, rather than the entire issue maturing at one fixed maturity date
Obligacja z funduszem umorzeniowym
A bond issue that requires periodic setting aside of monies into a separate fund to provide for eventual repayment of the debt at maturity
Obligacja zabezpieczona
A bond that provides specific assets as collateral to help assure the payment stream
Odsetki proste
Interest calculations that do not provide for periodic inclusion of accumulated interest into the base on which interest is calculated
Okres użytkowania
The period of time that a depreciable asset will be in use by an entity; the time interval over which the asset will be depreciated
Papier wartościowy
Typically required by lenders against a loan, such as premises or plant equipment.
Papiery wartościowe
Government bonds, ordinary shares in companies, debentures, loans, preference shares, etc. are all collectively described as papiery wartościowe.
Podział akcji
A corporate action to increase the number of shares and reduce the par per share by a stipulated ratio (e.g., 2 for 1)
Pożyczka zabezpieczona
Loan where the lender has taken a special claim on particular assets or revenues of the company to give extra protection in the event of the loan remaining unpaid.
Rabaty sprzedażowe
A cash discount offered to customers to encourage prompt payment of invoices
Rachunek przepływów pieniężnych
A financial statement that summarizes the cash flows relating to operating, investing, financing, and noncash investing/financing activities of an ...
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
"SOX" -- Legislation that imposes stringent controls over reporting and auditing; created the Public Accounting Oversight Board
Securities and Exchange Commission
"SEC" -- regulatory body with which public companies must file and report
Segment
A business unit for which separate financial information is evaluated by an operating decision maker who allocates resources and judges performance...
Six Sigma
A trademarked quality management system developed by Motorola; driven by pursuit of statistical results that reflect near perfection in production ...
Standardy
Benchmarks against which actual productive activity is compared
SUTA
State Unemployment Tax levied on employer to provide funds for unemployed workers; rate is adjusted for employer history of layoffs, etc.
Wykres rozrzutu
A simplistic mapping of observed data points, where a line is "visually" drawn to represent the estimated cost function
Założenie stabilnej waluty
An accounting assumption that presumes the currency is not impacted over time by inflation
Zamówienie specjalne
A customer order that is outside of the normal pricing and terms
Zestawienie zysków zatrzymanych
A financial statement that discloses changes in retained earnings during a designated period of time; those changes usually attributable to income ...
Znaczący wpływ
The ability to sway management and decision making of another entity, but generally not enough to assert absolute control
Zrównoważona karta wyników
A system for evaluating elements that are important to the organization and under the control of an employee holding that position
Zrównoważony rozwój
Development without depletion of natural resources or negative effects on the environment
T
Akcje własne
Shares of a company's own stock that it has reacquired
Aktualność
An enhancing quality of accounting such that information is available in sufficient time to be capable of influence
Bilans próbny
A listing of account balances from the ledger, used to test the equality of debits and credits
Budżet odgórny
A budget approach where upper level management establishes parameters under which the budget is to be prepared
Całkowity kapitał wpłacony
The sum of legal capital plus paid-in capital in excess of par
Ceny transferowe
The system of setting prices at which goods are exchanged between affiliated units; usually involving cross-border transactions
Dłużnicy handlowi
Persons or businesses who buy goods or services from a business in the normal course of trade are allowed a period of credit before payment is due.
Docelowy dochód
A level of income that is to be obtained; CVP projects activity levels necessary to achieve this benchmark
Kompleksowe zarządzanie jakością
(TQM) A process for continuous improvement by focusing on customer service and systematic problem solving via teams made up of front-line employees
Konta tymczasowe
Accounts that will be reset to a zero balance with each new accounting period; revenue, expense, and dividend accounts (also called "nominal" accou...
Konto T
An abstract representation of an account, with the left side of the "T" representing debits and the right side credits
Koszty stałe bezpośrednie
Fixed costs that would not exist if the unit under evaluation ceased to exist
Należności handlowe
Amounts due from customers from credits sales of products or services
Obrót
The total sales of a business during a specified period.
Papiery wartościowe przeznaczone do obrotu
Investments in debt acquired with the intent of generating profits by reselling the investment in the very near future; classified as current assets
Przeliczenie
Uses prevailing exchange rates to convert assets and liabilities of a foreign affiliate to the reporting currency; adjustment may impact other comp...
Rabat handlowy
A reduction from list price that is not entered in the accounting records; customarily offered in "setting" the invoice amount
Rzeczowe aktywa trwałe
A fixed asset (also called a non-current asset) which has a physical existence. Used to differentiate it from an Intangible fixed asset.
Teoria ograniczeń
(TOC) Efficiency is improved by seeking out and eliminating constraints within the organization
Wartość pieniądza w czasie
Conceptual notion holding that money to be received sooner is worth more than money to be received later
Wierzyciele handlowi
Persons or businesses who supply goods or services to a business in the normal course of trade and allow a period of credit before payment must be made.
U
Amortyzacja według wydajności
A depreciation approach where the depreciable base is allocated to the expected total units of output; mileage, hours, etc.
Działanie na poziomie jednostki
Activities that relate to the number of units of output; each additional unit of production requires another activity
Niedoszacowane koszty ogólne
Applied overhead is less than the actual amount; usually viewed as a unfavorable outcome, because more has spent than anticipated for the level of ...
Przychody przyszłych okresów
Revenue that has been collected in advance of providing goods and services to "earn it;" reported as a liability until earned
Zrozumiałość
An enhancing quality of accounting such that information is clear and concise to those with reasonable business knowledge
V
Kapitał wysokiego ryzyka
Capital invested into projects with long term growth potential but also higher risks, such as start-up businesses.
Koszty zmienne
Costs that vary in some kind of proportion to throughput (production), e.g. materials. Each same product takes the same amount of material, so there is a direct proportion between the number of products produced and the amount of material that was used.
Koszty zmienne
A per unit cost that is the same regardless of volume; total koszty zmienne increases with volume increases
Odchylenia
Deviations from the norm that may provide warning signs of situations requiring corrective action by managers
Odchylenie wydajności kosztów ogólnych zmiennych
A variance that reflects the level of efficiency associated with the application of variable overhead to production
Odchylenie wydatków kosztów ogólnych zmiennych
A variance that reflects the difference between actual variable overhead and standard variable overhead associated with the actual units of the app...
Rachunek kosztów zmiennych
A costing method where inventory absorbs direct costs and variable factory overhead; the income statement identifies the contribution margin
Weryfikowalność
An enhancing quality of accounting such that different knowledgeable and independent observers reach similar conclusions
W
Kapitał obrotowy
The difference between current assets and current liabilities
Metoda średniej ważonej
Under the periodic inventory system; inventory cost is based on the average cost of units purchased giving consideration to the quantities purchase...
Produkcja w toku
As its name implies, it is the value of the products on which work has been started but is not yet complete.
Produkcja w toku
Goods that are in production but not yet complete; an accumulation of monies spent on direct material, direct labor, and applied manufacturing over...
Rachunek kosztów procesów metodą średniej ważonej
A process costing technique where all units of production are assigned the same cost; determined by blending of current period costs with beginning...
Ubezpieczenie od wypadków przy pracy
Insurance paid by the employer to cover work related injuries sustained by employees
W-2
An annual statement provided to employees stating the amount of earnings and withholdings; assists employee in preparing their own tax returns
W-4
A form filled out by an employee stating the amount of exemptions to which they are entitled for tax purposes; such exemptions bear on the amount o...
Zobowiązanie z tytułu gwarancji
A liability that is recorded for the future costs of claims that are anticipated because of product warranty agreements
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